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A Kumar's Questions & Answers

in Computers & Technology, Food & Drink& Computers & Accessories

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Questions Asked: 60

Best Answers: 6

What is meant by buffer?

Asked by Avinash Soda in Computers & Technology at 4:40 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

Buffer Capacity is defined as the amount of moles of acid or base that can be added to a buffer to drive it out of buffer range.

Answered at 4:50 PM on January 24, 2009

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What is meant by bus?

Asked by Avinash Soda in Computers & Technology at 4:40 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

I believe you mean a high-end FSB or Front Side Bus which as the above answer indicates these interfaces will achieve "high-end" bandwidth via the server.

There are such (FEBI - Front-End Bus Interface but such interfaces are obselete since around the turn of the century

Answered at 4:48 PM on January 24, 2009

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What is meant by bytes?

Asked by Avinash Soda in Computers & Technology at 4:41 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

A MEMORY is an inner storage space area in the computer, the term memory identifies statistics storage that comes in the shape of chips, and the statement storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. Furthermore, the term memory is typically used as shorthand for material memory, which refers to the real chips capable of holding data. Some computers also make use of virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto a hard disk.

Each computer comes with a definite amount of physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or RAM. You can feel of main memory as an array of boxes, each of which can clutch a single byte of information. A computer that has 1 megabyte of memory, therefore, can clutch about 1 million bytes (or characters) of information.

Answered at 4:47 PM on January 24, 2009

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Which is a better fit for C++: "static typing" or "dynamic typing"?

Asked by reema sahu in Computers & Accessories at 4:12 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

As a round-up of desirable typing behaviours, this is pretty good.

One point I think they miss is that the "lazy streams" behaviour of Unix pipes is undermined by XML, because you have to have received all of an XML document before you can determine whether it is well-formed, validate it etc.

Obviously there are typeful ways of doing everything they say you need dynamic typing to do, including handling "semi-structured data", so presumably the question is whether there are cases where a (certain) typeful approach is too cumbersome to be practical.

As much as I admire the HList approach to extensible records in Haskell, for instance, it does rely on some fairly heavy type-hackery. Whenever hackery starts to happen, it's time to start considering alternatives.

Answered at 4:39 PM on January 24, 2009

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What's the difference between C++ and Smalltalk? ?

Asked by reema sahu in Computers & Accessories at 4:11 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

Strings in Smalltalk MT are delimited by single quote e.g. 'Here is a string'. To embed a quote in a string, double it e.g. 'It''s here'.

Comments in Smalltalk MT use double quotes e.g. "Here is a comment". Or you can use /* and */ as in C.

Statements in Smalltalk MT end with a period.

Variables are not typed in Smalltalk MT. All variables hold an Object which knows it's type. Use | to declare variables. For example in a Workspace type

|var1|

var1 := Array new: 30. "This declares an Object of type Array and stores it in var1"
var1 class. "If you do a Display here, it will show Array. var1 knows its type"

In Smalltalk comma is used for concatenation. For example: 'abc','def' will concatenate two strings. This same operator will concatenate any two objects if they have the appropriate behaviour (e.g. two arrays).

Answered at 4:41 PM on January 24, 2009

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What is "static typing," and how is it similar/dissimilar to Smalltalk? ?

Asked by reema sahu in Computers & Accessories at 4:11 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

Static typed programming languages are those in which variables need not be defined before they're used. This implies that static typing has to do with the explicit declaration (or initialization) of variables before they're employed. Java is an example of a static typed language; C and C++ are also static typed languages. Note that in C (and C++ also), variables can be cast into other types, but they don't get converted; you just read them assuming they are another type.

Static typing does not imply that you have to declare all the variables first, before you use them; variables maybe be initialized anywhere, but developers have to do so before they use those variables anywhere.

Answered at 4:40 PM on January 24, 2009

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How do you use inheritance in C++, and is that different from Smalltalk? ?

Asked by reema sahu in Computers & Accessories at 4:12 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

In Object Oriented Programming Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties and functionality of objects of another class. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification. For example, the bird robin is a part of the class flying bird which is again a part of the class bird.

One reason to use inheritance is that it allows you to reuse code from a previous project but gives you the flexibility to slightly modify it if the old code doesn’t do exactly what you need for the new project. It doesn’t make sense to start every new project from scratch since some code will certainly be repeated in several programs and you should strive to build on what you did previously. Moreover, it is easy to make an error if we try to modify the original class, but we are less likely to make an error if we leave the original alone and only add to it. Another reason for using inheritance is if the project requires the use of several classes which are very similar but slightly different.

In this tutorial we will concentrate on the mechanism of inheritance and how to build it into a program. A better illustration of why you would use inheritance will be given in later tutorials where we will discuss some practical applications of object oriented programming.

The principle of inheritance is available with several modern programming languages and is handled slightly differently with each. C++ allows you to inherit all or part of the members and methods of a class, modify some, and add new ones not available in the parent class. You have complete flexibility, and as usual, the method used with C++ has been selected to result in the most efficient code execution.

Answered at 4:38 PM on January 24, 2009

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Recently I took my nine-month-old son to the doctor for his well check. When the nurse asked what kind of formula he was on,?

Asked by Dinesh Kumar in Food & Drink at 4:19 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

Was the 'inservice' sponsored by or catered by a baby formula company?

In general, all baby and infant formula brands that are sold in the United States must meet the minimum nutritional requirements of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the 'Infant Formula Act') and FDA regulations.

That doesn't mean that all infant formula brands are the same, but any of the major brands, such as Enfamil, Similac, or Good Start, and store brands from Walmart, Target, or Kroger, etc., should meet your baby's basic nutritional needs.

Infant Formula Differences
Although all infant formula must meet FDA requirements, there are differences among them. For instance, Good Start is made with 100 percent whey protein, while Similac and Enfamil are made with a combination of whey and casein proteins, like breastmilk.

Another difference is that Similac is made without palm olein oil as the predominant source of fat, while Enfamil is made with palm olein oil.

Of course, each brand of formula markets the reasons that their 'recipe' is the best, but there is no official head to head study that shows that one brand is much better for your baby than another. Even the American Academy of Pediatrics has never taken a real stand and made any kind of recommendation about formula feeding, except to say that breastfeeding is preferred over formula and that you shouldn't use a low-iron infant formula.

Answered at 4:31 PM on January 24, 2009

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Soy Milk and Soy Baby Formula?

Asked by Dinesh Kumar in Food & Drink at 4:18 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

The use of soy-protein based baby formulas are popular with parents.

Why? Some parents think they will help babies with gas, fussiness, or colic. Unfortunately, switching baby formula usually doesn't help these symptoms/ Since soy baby formulas usually cost a few dollars more than cow's-milk based formulas, parents shouldn't be quick to try them unless they need them.

If your pediatrician thinks that a change to a soy formula is necessary for your baby, you can be reassured that they are just as good as other formulas and are readily available wherever baby formula is sold.

These soy baby formulas include:

* Enfamil ProSobee Lipil
* Similac Isomil Advance
* Nestle Good Start Supreme DHA & ARA Soy
* Parent's Choice Soy Infant Formula DHA & ARA (Wal-Mart brand baby formula)
* Bright Beginnings Soy Baby Formula (store-brand baby formula)
* Earth's Best Organic Soy Infant Formula With DHA & ARA

How popular are these baby formulas?

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, "Soy protein-based formulas in the United States may account for nearly 20% to 25% of the formula market." That is surprising, because there are few medical conditions for which a baby should actually need a soy formula. Most newborns and infants who aren't breastfeeding will do just fine on a regular cow's milk-based baby formula, such as Enfamil Lipil, Similac Advance, or Nestle Good Start Supreme.

Pediatricians usually recommend soy formula for those babies who need it, including infants with:

* galactosemia
* primary lactase deficiency - a rare condition in which is born without the enzyme to digest the sugar lactose
* diarrhea and a temporary lactase deficiency (Note: Switching babies to soy formula when they have diarrhea is controversial and usually not recommended)

A soy formula can also be a good choice if a parent wishes to raise their baby as a vegetarian and isn't breastfeeding. Since there are no completely vegan baby formulas, an organic soy formula may be a good choice for vegan parents wanting to raise their baby as a vegan, too.

Soy formula is usually not recommended for infants who have:

* colic or fussiness, since it will likely not be helpful
* a cow milk protein allergy, since many of these infants can also be allergic to soy proteins and should drink an extensively hyrdrolyzed protein formula instead, such as Nutramigen or Alimentum
* a high risk for food allergies and you are trying to prevent them from getting developing food allergies. If not breastfeeding, these babies should likely drink Nutramigen or Alimentum and not a soy- or cow's-milk based formula.
* been born premature, since they can lead to decreased bone mineralization, even when the babies are given supplemental calcium.

Unless there is another good reason to start your baby on a soy formula, if you stop breastfeeding before your baby is 12 months old or need to supplement, you can likely just use a cow's-milk based formula instead of a soy formula.
Is Soy Formula Harmful?

Can soy-protein based formula be harmful? It is clear that it can be harmful to premature babies, but the American Academy of Pediatrics states that "There is no conclusive evidence from animal, adult human, or infant populations that dietary soy isoflavones may adversely affect human development, reproduction, or endocrine function."

Answered at 4:32 PM on January 24, 2009

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Nutramigen and Nutramigen AA?

Asked by Dinesh Kumar in Food & Drink at 4:18 PM on January 24, 2009

A Kumar's Answer

What happens when your baby continues to have problems when she has already tried an elemental formula like Nutramigen or Alimentum? It used mean finding Neocate, an non-allergenic formula made up of 100% free amino acids.

There is another choice now. Nutramigen AA Lipil is another amino acid based formula that can help infants who have a severe cow's milk protein allergy and/or multiple food protein allergies (soy, gluten, and milk, for example).

Parents who need these formulas can be in for a surprise, as Neocate and Nutramigen AA Lipil are even more expensive than other elemental formulas -- about $39 a can. They can be hard to find too, and often mean asking a pharmacist to order them for you or ordering them online:

* buy Nutramigen AA online
* buy Neocate online (Manufacturer's site)

Answered at 4:32 PM on January 24, 2009

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