What is mean by GRAPHICS STANDARDS ? Explain GKS, PHIGS , SRGK ?  

GKS is Graphical Kernel System. American National Standard ANSI X3.128-1985, which standardizes basic graphics functionality, and PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API standard for rendering 3D computer graphics.


GKS (Graphics Kernel System) is an international standard for the functional interface to 2D graphics, whilst PHIGS (Progammer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is currently an ISO work item for 2D and 3D graphics.

Answered by Smarty at 2:16 PM on May 02, 2008

sona GKS is Graphical Kernel System. American National Standard ANSI X3.128-1985, which standardizes basic graphics functionality, and PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API standard for rendering 3D computer graphics,

Answered by raj u at 1:58 PM on May 02, 2008

Graphic identity is created through the use of logos, typography, and colors to create a clearly recognizable look for an institution. A successful graphic identity program will help Bucknell enhance its image by establishing a "look" for all university materials.
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties.
PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API standard for rendering 3D computer graphics, at one time considered to be the 3D graphics standard for the 1990s.

Answered by Kajal Sharma at 5:38 PM on April 28, 2008

Architectural Graphic Standards is one of the most trusted and replied upon architectural references in the design and construction industries. Building upon this long history of design excellence, in recent years the Graphic Standards franchise has expanded to provide easily accessible and highly illustrated references for the interiors, landscape and urban planning and design communities. Whether you are a student, a professional, or somewhere in between, let Wiley’s Graphic Standards books and electronic products become a much welcomed part of your design library.

Answered by Shilpa Behl at 11:06 PM on April 26, 2008

After seventy-five years of continuous publication, Architectural Graphic Standards is one of the most trusted and replied upon architectural references in the design and construction industries. Building upon this long history of design excellence, in recent years the Graphic Standards franchise has expanded to provide easily accessible and highly illustrated references for the interiors, landscape and urban planning and design communities. Whether you are a student, a professional, or somewhere in between, let Wiley’s Graphic Standards books and electronic products become a much welcomed part of your design library.
Graphical Kernel System (GKS)---->
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different programming languages, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.
GKS was fairly common on computer workstations in the 1980s and early 1990s, and formed the basis of Digital Research's GSX and GEM products; the latter was common on the Atari ST and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with Ventura Publisher. It was little used outside these markets and is essentially obsolete today except insofar as it is the underlying API defining the Computer Graphics Metafile. A notable descendant of GKS was PHIGS.
A main developer and promoter of the GKS was Professor José Luis Encarnação, formerly director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics (IGD) in Darmstadt, Germany.
GKS was ANSI standard ANSI X3.124 and ISO standard ISO/IEC 7942. The language bindings are ISO standard ISO 8651. GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions) functional definition is ISO standard ISO 8805 and the C language bindings are ISO 8806.
1.The functionality of GKS is wrapped up as a data model standard in ISO 10303-46.
Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System---->
PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API standard for rendering 3D computer graphics, at one time considered to be the 3D graphics standard for the 1990s. Instead a combination of features and power led to the rise of OpenGL, which remains the de facto 3D standard to this day. PHIGS is no longer used.

PHIGS was available as a standalone implementation (examples: Digital Equipment Corporation's DEC PHIGS, IBM's graPHIGS, Sun's SunPHIGS) and also used with the X Window system, supported via PEX, the "PHIGS Extension to X". PEX consisted of an extension to X, adding commands that would be forwarded from the X server to the PEX system for rendering. Workstations were placed in windows typically, but could also be forwarded to take over the whole screen, or to various printer-output devices.

PHIGS was designed in the 1980s, inheriting many of its ideas from the Graphical Kernel System of the late 1970s, and became an ANSI (ANSI X3.144-1988), FIPS (FIPS 153) and then ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9592 and ISO/IEC 9593 [1]) by 1989. Due to its early gestation, the standard supports only the most basic 3D graphics, including basic geometry and meshes, and only the basic Gouraud, "Dot", and Phong shading for rendering scenes. Features considered "standard" today, notably texture mapping, were not supported, nor were many machines of the era physically capable of it (at least in realtime).
SRGK---->
SRGK is constructed for use in high temperature applications as a multiple conductor control cable where resistance to abrasion and mechanical abuse are desired. This wire is widely used in steel and glass plants, as well as high temperature locations near boilers, steam lines and in chemical processing plants.

Answered by jaivir at 8:12 PM on April 26, 2008

The Web's leading standards group put its seal of approval on a new specification for graphics technology tailored for use by cell phones and other small networked devices.
SVG, which is intended to supplant Macromedia's dominant and proprietary Flash animation technology, has been wending its way through the W3C for years in one form or another. The original specification grew out of a quartet of early contenders, including Microsoft's Vector Markup Language (VML), and won its recommendation in September 2001.
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different programming languages, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

GKS was fairly common on computer workstations in the 1980s and early 1990s, and formed the basis of Digital Research's GSX and GEM products; the latter was common on the Atari ST and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with Ventura Publisher. It was little used outside these markets and is essentially obsolete today except insofar as it is the underlying API defining the Computer Graphics Metafile. A notable descendant of GKS was PHIGS.
The sRGB color space is based on the ITU-R BT.709 standard.Alpha Channel Masking and Computer Graphics Compatibility

Answered by Nagendra at 8:07 PM on April 26, 2008

well sona
GKS defines a common interface to interactive computer graphics for creating, manipulating, and displaying or printing computer graphics on different types of computer graphics output devices.

PHIGS--the Programer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System--is a programming library for 3D graphics. Devised and maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), it is most commonly used on the X Window System and commonly available from several workstation venders. ISO standardized bindings exist for Fortran, Ada, and C (Schultz 10). The PHIGS high-level graphics library contains over 400 functions ranging from simple line drawing to lighting and shading. Fully one-half of them let you determine the state of an output device or recall settings made earlier in a program. It provides to a graphics application a standard interface to display devices of any manufacturer that supports the PHIGS standard.

Before displaying a picture, the application first stores all its graphics information in the PHIGS graphics database. Thus, PHIGS is referred to as a "display list" system. The application then appears on one or more display devices and then passes the list to them. Because of its display list system structure, PHIGS is well-suited to applications that create a graphics model and then edit portions of it frequently or view it in different ways

Answered by sujata at 7:52 PM on April 26, 2008

Following are the characters of Graphic standards:
GKS - Graphical Kernal System - geometric graphics system.

CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile - archive of graphics commands - very
useful for plotting in graphics.

PHIGS - the best graphics standard! 3D geometric graphics with lighting
and shading and neat primitives to draw fancy pictures.

GKS, GKS-3D, and PHIGS are all approved ISO standards for the
application programmer interface.


GKS (Graphics Kernel System) is an international standard for the functional interface to 2D graphics, whilst PHIGS (Progammer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is currently an ISO work item for 2D and 3D graphics. In addition, PHIGS allows improved control over structuring graphics data in the system. With a new work item, the upwards compatability from GKS to PHIGS is being called into question.

Answered by keshto at 7:47 PM on April 26, 2008

Well Sona , Graphic Standards is one of the most trusted and replied upon architectural references in the design and construction industries.

Graphic Standards has expanded to provide easily accessible and highly illustrated references for the interiors, landscape and urban planning and design communities.

Whether you are a student, a professional, or somewhere in between, let Wiley’s Graphic Standards books and electronic products become a much welcomed part of your design library.

Coming to the second part of your question.
The terms are related to Graphics standards.

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional vector graphics suitable for charting and similar duties.

The calls are designed to be portable across different programming languages, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

For more details about GKS, Please visit the source site :

http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Graphical_Kernel_System

PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) is an API standard for rendering 3D computer graphics, at one time considered to be the 3D graphics standard for the 1990s.

Instead a combination of features and power led to the rise of OpenGL, which remains the de facto 3D standard to this day. PHIGS is no longer used.

For more details , Please visit the source site :

http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/PHIGS

Answered by Alok Gupta at 6:38 PM on April 26, 2008